ZrO2 Melting Point and Properties

ZrO2 is a crystalline white oxide of zirconium, which can be used as an alternative to alumina in some applications. Its high melting point and refractory properties make it an excellent material for crucibles, furnace bricks, and ceramics. It is one of the most refractory materials known, and can be used to smelt aluminum, iron, nickel, platinum, and other metals and alloys. It can also be smelted to make crucibles for the treatment of silicates and acid slag.

Zro2 is a polymorphic material that can have three temperature-dependent polymorphs: monoclinic or baddeleyite (room temperature to 1170degC), tetragonal (1170-2370degC), and cubic (2370-2700degC). The monoclinic phase is stable at low temperatures while the tetragonal and cubic phases are more unstable and can crack upon cooling from high temperatures.

The tetragonal and cubic phases of zirconia are stabilized by additives such as calcia, magnesia, and yttria. This stabilisation allows the tetragonal phase to be metastable in dense bodies at room temperatures, and it can then undergo stress-induced phase transformation with concurrent toughening.

This phenomenon, known as transformation toughening, is the reason that stabilised zirconia is used in a variety of restorative applications. In these applications, a stress at a crack tip can cause the tetragonal phase to convert into a monoclinic phase with volume expansion. This phase transformation arrests a crack, retarding its growth and increasing fracture toughness. The mechanism is similar to that of alumina, which can increase the mechanical property of a ceramic by changing its crystal structure from tetragonal to monoclinic.


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    ZrO2 is a crystalline white oxide of zirconium, which can be used as an alternative to alumina in some applications. Its high melting point and […]

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    Boron Nitride Self-Assembly

    Boron nitride is an element found in the periodic table. It is a chemical element with similar atomic radii to nitrogen and carbon, and it has a relatively high melting point. However, it has a number of structural forms. Boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) can be formed by a series of complex chemical reactions.

    Controlling the BNNT self-assembly process is important for the quality of BNNT material. Several factors contribute to this process, including the amount of heat supplied to the boron feedstock and the temperature distribution of the boron melt. Supplemental sources of heating may be used to control the temperature of the boron melt and BNNT self assembly region.

    Using a Direct Induction concentrator (DI) to supply supplemental heat to the boron feedstock is an energy efficient and low-cost method for producing a boron nitride nanotube. Additional heat can be provided by a direct laser beam, electric arcs, or supplemental lasers.

    The initial boron feedstock is heated to a temperature that makes it electrically conductive. This is done through either a Direct Induction coil or a crucible. After the feedstock is heated, it is placed in the Direct Induction chamber. If the crucible is used, the gas in the crucible can be cooled using a water-cooled copper crucible.

    After the desired operating pressure has been achieved, the boron nitride melt is initiated. Nitrogen gas is then fed into the chamber through an opening in the crucible. When the boron nitride melting point is reached, the gas is dissolved in the boron melt.


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      Boron nitride is an element found in the periodic table. It is a chemical element with similar atomic radii to nitrogen and carbon, and it […]

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      Penetrating agent SF CAS 68238-81-3

      About Alkylphenol polyoxyenthylene polyoxypropylene block polyether:
      Penetrating agent SF is easily soluble in water and general organic solvents, with good permeability, emulsification and cleaning properties, and low foam, easy to wash away oil, and feel soft. This product is not frozen at 0℃, its aqueous solution is not a sticky paste, can be mixed with water in any proportion.
      Tungstenmolybdenummetals is a trusted global Alkylphenol polyoxyenthylene polyoxypropylene block polyether. Feel free to send an inquiry to get the latest price of Alkylphenol polyoxyenthylene polyoxypropylene block polyether.  If you would like to buy Alkylphenol polyoxyenthylene polyoxypropylene block polyether in bulk.

      Product Performance of Alkylphenol polyoxyenthylene polyoxypropylene block polyether:

      Penetrating agent SF is easily soluble in water and general organic solvents, with good permeability, emulsification and cleaning properties, and low foam, easy to wash away oil, and feel soft. This product is not frozen at 0℃, its aqueous solution is not a sticky paste, can be mixed with water in any proportion.

      Technical Parameter of Alkylphenol polyoxyenthylene polyoxypropylene block polyether:

      Lon typeNonionic
      Appearance（25℃）Colorless to yellowish transparent liquid
      pH（25℃，1%）5.0-7.0
      Solid content（%）＞99
      Cloud point（℃，1%aqueous solution）55~65


      Application of Alkylphenol polyoxyenthylene polyoxypropylene block polyether:

      This product is suitable for the preparation of a variety of fiber fabric pretreatment agents, is conducive to the shedding and dispersion of oil agent, the preparation of treatment agent foam is lower than JFC; In other industries, used as an emulsifier, penetrating agent, and cleaning agent; It can be used in chemical fiber oil preparation.

      Packing & Shipping of Alkylphenol polyoxyenthylene polyoxypropylene block polyether:
      We have many different kinds of packing which depend on Alkylphenol polyoxyenthylene polyoxypropylene block polyether quantity.
      Alkylphenol polyoxyenthylene polyoxypropylene block polyether packing: 1kg/bottle, 25kg/barrel, or 200kg/ barrel.
      Alkylphenol polyoxyenthylene polyoxypropylene block polyether shipping: could be shipped out by sea, by air, by express as soon as possible once payment is received.

      Penetrating agent SF CAS 68238-81-3插图

      Penetrating agent SF Properties

      Other NamesJFC – SF; Low foam penetrant
      CAS No.68238-81-3
      Compound Formula

      RO(C3H6O)A(C2H4O)BH

      Molecular WeightN/A
      AppearanceColorless to yellowish transparent liquid
      Boiling PointN/A
      DensityN/A
      Solubility in H2ON/A
      Exact MassN/A
      Penetrating agent SF Health& Safety Information
      Signal WordN/A
      Hazard StatementsN/A
      Hazard CodesN/A
      Risk CodesN/A
      Safety StatementsN/A
      Transport InformationN/A
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      About Alkylphenol polyoxyenthylene polyoxypropylene block polyether:Penetrating agent SF is easily soluble in water and general organic solvents, with good permeability, emulsification and cleaning properties, and low […]

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      What Is Foam Concrete Blocks

      Foam concrete blocks consist of foam which is mixed with a cement/sand combination and used to build structures. These blocks cost less than regular concrete blocks and resist cracking. They are also environment-friendly. To get the best performance, quality blocks are required.

      Less expensive that traditional concrete blocks

      Concrete block is versatile and can be used for foundations, walls and partitions. Concrete block is easy to clean, fire resistant and can provide sound insulation. They are an excellent choice for commercial buildings. Concrete blocks may be more costly than wooden, so make sure you understand all the details before selecting the best one for your job.

      Concrete blocks made of cement are available in many sizes. The most popular sizes of concrete blocks are 4, 6, 8″, and 10. Other sizes are available from some manufacturers. Concrete blocks of any size must adhere to ASTM standards in order for durability and tolerance.

      More durable

      Researchers are trying to find ways of making foam concrete blocks more resilient. It is important to first characterize the material. The first step is to characterize the material. In past studies foamed concrete was identified primarily as a structural materials with high compressive strength. The concrete has a low dry mass and is easily molded into hollow or solid blocks of concrete with densities between 1800-2400 kg/m3.

      Consider the intended application of the concrete block. Because different concrete blocks can have unique properties and be designed for different areas, this is important. Some block require reinforcement and others can be sound or thermally insulated more effectively. Cost is another important factor to take into account when choosing the type of concrete block.

      Refractive to breaking

      They are popular for commercial as well as residential constructions. The blocks are lightweight and offer a strong thermal barrier. China’s GB 11968 certified this product. It is a product of superior quality that has A5.0 strength and B06 densities. The product is very easy to use and provides great value. Below are some suggestions to help keep cracks down.

      More eco-friendly

      Concrete blocks are popular for their versatility and use in building structures. They are not always environmentally-friendly. Every year, the cement-making process releases six billion tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) into our atmosphere. The majority of the CO2 released each year is caused by the conversion of limestone to cement and burning fossil fuels.

      In order to meet insulation requirements in many buildings, there are now thicker walls. These requirements can be met by foam concrete blocks. Foam concrete blocks can also be used because they are lightweight and porous. They’re a great choice for both residential and commercial constructions. They can also be used to reduce cooling costs, and they are much more long-lasting than traditional bricks. They also have mold resistance.

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      We are a trusted supplier of concrete additives with over 12 years experience in both nano-building energy conservation as well as nanotechnology development.

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      Foam concrete blocks consist of foam which is mixed with a cement/sand combination and used to build structures. These blocks cost less than regular concrete […]

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      Hollow Glass Sphere Hollow Glass Beads

      About Hollow Glass Sphere Hollow Glass Beads:
      What is hollow glass microsphere? Hollow glass microspheres, sometimes termed microballoons or glass bubbles, have diameters ranging from 10 to 300 micrometers. Hollow spheres are used as lightweight fillers in composite materials such as syntactic foam and lightweight concrete. The hollow glass bead is a kind of specially processed glass bead, which is mainly characterized by smaller density and poorer thermal conductivity than glass bead. It is a new kind of micron-grade light material developed in the 1950s and 1960s. Its main component is borosilicate, with a general particle size of 10~250μm and a wall thickness of 1~2μm. Hollow glass beads are characterized by high compressive strength, high melting point, high resistivity, small thermal conductivity and thermal shrinkage coefficient, etc., and they are known as the “space-age material” in the 21st century.
      Hollow glass microspheres, also known as bubbles, microbubbles, or micro balloons, are usually formulated from borosilicate – sodium salt glass mixtures and offer the advantages of low density, high heat and chemical resistance. The walls of glass microspheres are rigid and are usually about 10% thick of the diameter of the spheres. At present, spherical particles have a wide range of densities, from as low as 0.06g/ C3 to as high as 0.80g/ C3, with particle sizes ranging from 5um to 180um. The compressive strength of the hollow sphere is determined by the wall thickness of the hollow sphere and, as expected, the greater the density of the sphere, the higher the compressive strength.The lightweight hollow glass sphere is chemically stable, non-flammable, non-porous, excellent water resistance. Tungstenmolybdenummetals is a trusted global Hollow Glass Sphere Hollow Glass Beads supplier. Feel free to send an inquiry about the latest price of Hollow Glass Sphere Hollow Glass Beads at any time.

      Product Performance of Hollow Glass Sphere Hollow Glass Beads:
      Hollow glass microspheres are micron-level hollow glass microspheres with a smooth surface. The main chemical component is borosilicate glass, and it is a hollow transparent sphere under the electron microscope. Hollow glass beads have low density, high strength, high temperature resistance, acid and alkali resistance, low thermal conductivity, electrical insulation and other properties. They have good fluidity and chemical stability, and they are multi-functional frontier new materials across fields.

      Technical Parameter of Hollow Glass Sphere Hollow Glass Beads:

      Product Name    Content   Particle SizeTrue DensityBulk DensityColor  
      Hollow Glass SphereBorosilicate glass5- 100um0.12-0.70 g/cm30.10-0.40 g/cm3White


      How are Hollow Glass Sphere Hollow Glass Beads Produced? 
      How do you make glass microspheres?
      1. Glass powder method
      The glass powder method uses pre-prepared glass powder containing gases such as SO3 to pass through the flame at the temperature of 1100-1500℃. At this time, SO3 and other gases dissolved in the glass powder overflow from the inside of the glass due to the decrease in solubility and the change in the atmosphere of the kiln. At the same time, the glass powder becomes spherical under high temperature due to the surface tension. The spillage gas is sealed in the spherical particles to form hollow glass beads.
      2. Spray granulation method
      Spray granulation method is made in advance with special auxiliary reagent (boric acid, urea, ammonium pentaborate) aqueous solution of sodium silicate, and then through the nozzle to the solution injection into the spray dryer, is expected to drop after drying to get a certain particle size of powder particles, the final will be powder particle heating foam-forming hollow glass beads.
      3. The droplet method
      The liquid drop method adopts the same raw materials as the spray granulation method. The raw materials are 500 copies of sodium silicate (M (SiO2): M (Na2O) =2), and the same amount of 10% ammonium perborate aqueous solution is added. After mixing evenly, the hollow glass beads are sprayed into the spray drying tower.
      4. Dry gel method
      The alkyl salt was added to dilute hydrochloric acid and decompose with water. After gelation, the gel was dried in two stages at 60℃ and 150℃ and then crushed by a ball mill. After grading, the dried gel powder was obtained, which was foamed in a vertical electric furnace at 1280℃ to prepare hollow glass microspheres.
       
      Applications of Hollow Glass Sphere Hollow Glass Beads:
      Hollow glass microspheres are widely used in glass fiber reinforced plastic products, composite foam plastic, artificial marble, compound wood, sound insulation heat preservation material, atomic ash, deep-sea buoyancy, bowling, low-density cement, sealing material, lightweight, resin handicraft, the mural wall hanging frame, wall plate sandwich layer structure of lightweight packaging materials, electronic industry, absorbing material, lightweight concrete, such as emulsion explosive.
      Hollow glass microspheres also provide a conductive coating. Conductive coatings of optimized thickness provide spherical particles with excellent conductivity and shielding properties while maintaining the weight savings associated with hollow, low-density materials. These conductive microbubbles are suitable for military applications, biotechnology, medical devices, electronics and other special industries.
      Hollow glass beads have obvious weight reduction and sound insulation and heat preservation effect so that the products have good cracking resistance and reprocessing performance, is widely used in engineering plastics, insulation materials, rubber, buoyancy material, FRP, artificial marble, man-made agate, generation of composite materials such as wood, and the oil industry, aerospace, communications, 5 g new high-speed trains, cars, ships, in areas such as thermal insulation coatings, adhesives, vigorously promote the development of science and technology.


      Packing & Shipping of Hollow Glass Sphere Hollow Glass Beads:
      We have many different kinds of packing which depend on hollow glass spheres quantity.
      Hollow glass spheres packing: 1kg/bag, 25kg/barrel, or 200kg/ barrel.
      Hollow glass spheres shipping: could be shipped out by sea, by air, by express as soon as possible once payment receipt.
      Hollow Glass Sphere Hollow Glass Beads插图

      Hollow Glass Spheres Properties

      Other NamesHollow Glass Beads
      CAS No.N/A
      Compound FormulaN/A
      Molecular WeightN/A
      AppearanceWhite Powder
      Melting PointN/A
      Boiling PointN/A
      Density0.12-0.70 g/cm3
      Solubility in H2ON/A
      Exact MassN/A

      Hollow Glass Spheres Health & Safety Information

      Signal WordN/A
      Hazard StatementsN/A
      Hazard CodesN/A
      Risk CodesN/A
      Safety StatementsN/A
      Transport InformationN/A
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      About Hollow Glass Sphere Hollow Glass Beads:What is hollow glass microsphere? Hollow glass microspheres, sometimes termed microballoons or glass bubbles, have diameters ranging from 10 to […]

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      Calcium Metal Powder

      A metallic element (specific gravity 1.55 g/cm3), calcium is the fifth most abundant metal in the Earth’s crust. It is essential to human health and can be found in milk, cheese, leafy green vegetables, and nuts.

      A vital nutrient for all living things, calcium is essential to the growth of healthy bones and teeth. It also helps muscles move by carrying signals from the brain to other cells, and it is necessary for many metabolic processes in the body.

      Calcium is used to make white paint, cleaning powder, toothpaste and stomach antacids. It is also the primary component of limestone, marble, and chalk.

      The element’s compounds are widespread, including calcined calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and gypsum (CaSO4). Gypsum, often called “plaster of Paris,” is used by builders and nurses to set fractured bones.

      As an alkaline earth metal, calcium plays an important role in controlling soil pH (potential of hydrogen), a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of the soil. Problems can arise when a soil has too much or too little calcium, which affects the ability of plant growth and soil decomposition.

      Calcium has a low reactivity with air, but it can be extremely hazardous when mixed with water or other acids. It can also be very dangerous when swallowed or inhaled.

      Calcium is widely used to manufacture a variety of products, including acetylene (carbon-based fuel), hydroxyl (solvents) and organic solvents. It is also a key chemical in the manufacturing of electrical insulators, cathode materials and steel-deoxidizing agents. It is also a valuable source of rare-earth metals.

      A metallic element (specific gravity 1.55 g/cm3), calcium is the fifth most abundant metal in the Earth’s crust. It is essential to human health and […]

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      What is γ-Alumina?

      What exactly is g.-Alumina? alumina in g type crystal form is called g.-alumina.
      –type alumina does not dissolve in water, but it can dissolve in acidic or alkali solutions. G-type Alumina transforms into a type Alumina when heated to 1200°C. G-type Alumina is porous with a high level of activity and a very strong adsorption ability. It has an internal surface area that can cover several hundred meters. These cylindrical pinkish or colorless industrial products have good resistance to high pressure.

      gAlumina Properties
      The particle size of g-phase nano-alumina is smaller than that of 20nm, with uniform particle size distribution, high purity, excellent dispersion, high specific surface, high temperature-resistant inertia and high activity, so it belongs to active alumina, porosity, high hardness and good dimensional stability.
      You can use it to strengthen and toughen many types of materials, including rubber, plastics, ceramics, refractories, etc., particularly in improving compactness and finish as well creep resistance and wear resistance. It’s easy to dissolve in solvent water. You can mix it with ethanol, propanol and propylene glycol or isopropanol as well as ethylene glycol monobutylether, acetone and butanone. It’s often used in epoxy resin, plastics, and other materials.

      What does g-Alumina do?
      Coatings: Wear-resistant coatings, porcelain film coatings and plasma spraying.
      Ceramics: Bioceramics, translucent ceramics, and allumina ceramics.
      The petrochemical industry has catalysts, catalyst carriers and automotive exhaust purification materials.
      Polishing materials: single crystal silicon wafer grinding and submicron/nanometer grinding materials.
      Lighting: High pressure sodium transparent tube, long afterglow and rare earth tricolor, phosphor and rare Earth tricolor phosphor materials, as well as LED and other lamps.
      Electronics: Single crystal and integrated circuit substrate. Far-infrared Materials.
      Cosmetic Fillers:
      Organic membrane materials.

      Aluminum Oxide Price
      Price is affected by many things, such as the demand and supply in the market and industry trends. Economic activity. Unexpected events.
      Send us an enquiry if you want to know the current al2o3 price. (brad@ihpa.net)

      Aluminum Oxide Supplier
      Technology Co. Ltd. (), is a trustworthy Al2o3 manufacturer, and Al2o3 supplier. We have over 12 years experience. All of our products can be shipped worldwide.

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      What exactly is g.-Alumina? alumina in g type crystal form is called g.-alumina. –type alumina does not dissolve in water, but it can dissolve in […]

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      Calcium Carbonate Pellets

      Calcium carbonate is an industrial mineral with a wide variety of applications. It is an important component of many aqueous solutions, and is often used as a food additive. It is also a sorbent, anticaking agent and an inhibitor of algal blooms.

      In its natural form, calcium carbonate is a polymorphic rock and can be crystallized from aqueous solutions of calcium chloride (CaCl2) and ammonium carbonate (NH4CO3). Calcite is the major product, and aragonite is a minor one.

      The chemical composition of aqueous solutions of calcite and aragonite is similar. But calcite crystallizes as a dihydrate, while aragonite is a hexahydrate. In the laboratory, calcite can be produced by placing an aqueous solution of CaCl2 in a desiccator along with ammonium carbonate, and allowing carbon dioxide to diffuse into the aqueous solution.

      Pellets can be a valuable addition to a sewage treatment plant, especially for those with a limited space and a high capacity. They have a good density, a very low water absorption coefficient when crushed and high mechanical resistance.

      During pelleting, the moisture content of the raw material (MC) has an effect on the density, strength and durability of the pellets. This is why it is essential to choose the right raw materials for a pelleting process. MC should be around 8-12% to prevent the high frictional forces in the compression area from being too great and to ensure the best pellet quality.

      Calcium carbonate is an industrial mineral with a wide variety of applications. It is an important component of many aqueous solutions, and is often used […]

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      Manganese(II) Phosphate

      Manganese(II) phosphate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Mn3(PO4)2. It is an essential element for the production of steel and other metals. The manganese phosphate coatings are widely used in aerospace, oil and gas industry, anti-galling and bearings. They are also known for providing excellent corrosion protection.

      Manganese(II) phosphate nanosheets were designed and synthesized to stabilize a key intermediate in the oxidation of water. This intermediate is Jahn-Teller distorted. In this way, the structural flexibility of the phosphate polyhedron induces a less ordered geometry of the Mn crystal. Moreover, the out-of-plane Mn centers are preferential sites for oxidation.

      MnPi has a higher catalytic performance than MnO. Several studies have been performed on the mechanism of pre-catalysis and OER activity. These include the structural, molecular and spectroscopic aspects.

      X-ray spectroscopy has been used to examine the elemental distributions of the Mn-LNPs. It was found that the carbon and nitrogen content in MnPi is relatively lower than in MnO. However, a significant reduction in the N content was observed in the MnPi crystal.

      Furthermore, the phosphate and aqua ligands are vital for proton transfer. Hence, the phosphate ions have a negative three charge. Their electrical conductivity is very low.

      The sonication-derived nanosheets were then assembled into a 3D superstructure. The asymmetric out-of-plane Mn centers stabilized the key MnIII intermediate.

      Manganese phosphate self-assembled carbon networks can be used as efficient electrochemical catalysts for relay catalysis. They are highly sensitive to changes in the surrounding environment. Therefore, they can be used for real-time monitoring of superoxide anions released from HepG2 cells.


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        Manganese(II) phosphate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Mn3(PO4)2. It is an essential element for the production of steel and other metals. The […]

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        Stearyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride

        About Stearyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride:
        Stearyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride has the characteristics of rich and fine foam, low degreasing power, low irritation to skin and hair, and good biodegradability.
        Tungstenmolybdenummetals is a trusted global Stearyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride. Feel free to send an inquiry to get the latest price of Stearyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride if you would like to buy Stearyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride in bulk.

        Product Performance of Stearyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride:
        Stearyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride can improve the combability and softness of the hair, and its mild decontamination performance makes the skin comfortable after washing.

        Technical Parameter of Stearyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride:

        Product Name    Short NameSolid content    PH    OdorAppearance  
        Stearyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chlorideN/ANA6.0-8.0Slight characteristic odor light yellow transparent liquid


        Applications of Stearyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride:

        Industrial circulatory water fungicides, oilfield fungicides; textile dyeing aids, wetting agents, finishing agents, softeners, fiber antistatic agents; organic bentonifier modifiers; greases; desulfurization activators for petroleum refining plants.

        Packing & Shipping of Stearyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride:
        We have many different kinds of packing which depend on Stearyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride quantity.
        Stearyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride packing: 1kg/bottle, 25kg/barrel, or 200kg/ barrel.
        Stearyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride shipping: could be shipped out by sea, by air, by express as soon as possible once payment receipt.

        Stearyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride插图

        Stearyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride Properties

        Other NamesN/A
        CAS No.122-19-0
        Compound Formula[C18H37N+(CH3)2(CH2C6H5)]Cl–
        Molecular Weight424.15
        AppearanceNA
        Melting PointN/A
        Boiling PointN/A
        DensityN/A
        Solubility in H2ON/A
        Exact MassN/A

        Stearyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride Health & Safety Information

        Signal WordN/A
        Hazard StatementsN/A
        Hazard CodesN/A
        Risk CodesN/A
        Safety StatementsN/A
        Transport InformationN/A
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        About Stearyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride:Stearyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride has the characteristics of rich and fine foam, low degreasing power, low irritation to skin […]

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